Disk space issues on apt install while building container

That is old indeed, so your problem can be related to this issue I mentioned :

It was fixed in Docker Desktop 4.76:

https://docs.docker.com/desktop/release-notes/#4760

This was the bug https://github.com/docker/desktop-feedback/issues/375
The release notes point to another issue. I believe that is a mistake. That is related too, but not closed.

So you should first upgrade Docker Desktop that will delete the cache files. Otherwise you could manually delete some now, but better letting Docker Desktop do it.