Use the Docker EE installation as described in https://store.docker.com/editions/enterprise/docker-ee-server-windows, this works on Windows Server Core Edition.
Docker EE 17.06 will be available in a few weeks.
If you want to try out CE Edge features in advance, still use the installation steps as above and then replace dockerd.exe + docker.exe eg. with this script https://github.com/StefanScherer/docker-windows-box/blob/master/scripts/update-docker-ce.ps1
Once Docker EE is available just install the 17.06 EE with Install-Package -Name docker -ProviderName DockerMsftProvider -Verbose -Update and you are back on EE.