I just solved this issue today for myself, it maybe different for you though.
I noticed that the network adapter on Windows (acting as a router to the docker VM) and the docker VM adapter talking to the host machine didn’t have a default gateway.
So I added the IP of my router to the gateway on adapter in Windows that acts as the router for the VM. I rebooted the VM, and docker worked.
This was on my work computer, at home docker in Windows worked with no issues