Mounting is from the host to the container. In case of Docker Deskotp, there is a mounting from the physical host to the virtual machine as well. An actual volume in case of a Linux container is not on the Windows filesystem, it is in the virtual machine. But there is a feture that allows you to set a custom source path.
In case of WSL2, if you have WSL integration enabled, it also lets you mount a folder from a custom WSL distribution to a container running in Docker Desktop’s WSL distribution. Than everything will be in the same VM on the same Linux filesystem. Of course you would need to copy your files into the custom WSL distribution first, for example undr /home/<username>.. Or any folder that is not just pointing to the host.