I encountered the same problem when installing docker-ce and this fixed it for me.
I created the file as described and ran
$ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd.service # (disconnected network)
$ sudo apt remove docker-ce # If you hadn't done so before
$ sudo apt install docker-ce # Should start docker.service
$ sudo systemctl status docker.service # Verify docker.service is running
At this point I’d lost internet connection, to try and restore it I rollbacked my actions:
I removed the file /etc/systemd/network/bridge.network again and restarted systemd-networkd.service, to no avail.
I then rebooted my computer, after which the internet connection was restored and the docker.service was running normally…
I probably just needed to reboot to restore network connection, but removing the bridge.network file hasn’t broken docker.service either.
After the reboot I could succesfully run
$ sudo docker pull hello-world
I do have a VPN running (PIA) so maybe this interfered with docker network configuration.