Why would you expect this to work?
A short look in the docs should have made clear why it fails: https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/#cmd
You are using the exec form wrong. If you had shared the actual error message, it would have been obvious right away, because what you replace with <-filename> actually was /usr/src/adapterpod/myjarfile-24.01.00.003.jar -m localhost -Port 3000 -Key myKey -podTenant Java -podName MyPOD. Of course, Java is not able to find a jar with that name. You need to split each parameter into its own string, like shown in the docs.