Docker.io container certificate expired

Hello! I am working on project where we have encountered the following errow with hardware devices trying to load image file from docker.io container:

Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/42/4277cbb509aa8499028bf3bf37193847a13fd2cd38dd727670af3f11eba81dd1/data?verify=1713118719-OrOIk7I9 …: certificate has expired or is not yet valid

It appears that certificate required to download image to hardware device is erroring out due to expiration. Technical teams are looking at an alternate registry approach for image download, but has anyone see this error or have suggestions to fix the download certificate?

What is a docker.io container?
Please share the output of following commands:

docker version
docker info