By default a network of type bridge is created. Thus, regardless whether you assign an iprange of a public ip, a lan or any other public privat ip range, it will always be in an isolated not routed network. The outgoing ip you see is high likely the docker hosts’s public ip.
You might want to check whether using a network of type macvlan might solve your problem. It will act as if the macvlan network is connected to the host interface like as if connected usign a switch. Though, be aware that a macvlan child interface is not able to communicate with it’s parent interface!