An image contains whatever the maintainer installed in it or the base image already contained. If the image maintainer did not install a postgresql command line client, you will not find it in the container.
The application running in the container does not ncessarily need a command line application. It looks like it is java based, so it can connect from Java and the container was not built for interactive users and contains only the server. You can inspect how the image was built the tags tab on Docker Hub and choosing a version