Had to the same issue after the public launch.
I tried my fix from above but found that it didn’t stick. I think Docker overwrites any changes I made directly to the adapter.
In the end I was able to simply tick the Fixed DNS Server option in Docker’s Network settings and set it to Google 8.8.8.8.
This allowed me to pull images again.
And no, I don’t have extra DockerNAT adapters.