Itβs been 7 years since I used VirtualBox on Windows the last time. The green turtle you see in the status bar of the vm is the reason I stopped using VirtualBox and the reason you experience what you experience.
The green turtle indicates that VirtualBox is using the Hyper-V compatibility mode, which prevents nested virtualization (and slows down the vm by magnitudes).
You can either run a Linux vm in Virtualbox (or in a WSL2 distribution) and install docker-ce on it to run containers.
Though, i would recommend running Docker Desktop on the Windows host directly.