I solved it by deleting these three folders:
C:\Users[USER]\AppData\Local\Docker
C:\Users[USER]\AppData\Roaming\Docker
C:\Users[USER]\AppData\Roaming\Docker Desktop
Once deleted, I didn’t have to do anything else, Docker Desktop started booting up as normal. Note, that I have Docker Desktop configured to run on startup. If you don’t have this set, you may need to manually run Docker Desktop after deleting these directories.