I would say that it is true that docker.io is not supported by Docker Inc, but that is still based on Moby, which is practically Docker CE, so while it is maintained by the maintainers of the Linux distribution, the community could still help with that too. On the other hand, most of us use the official Docker CE and it is often hard to tell why a non-official variant of it fails, so installing Docker from the official repo maintained by Docker Inc is still the recommended way.
You could also search for the error message and find this post
where a developer pointed out that this kind of error can be caused by corrupted filesystems.
You have an old Docker IO installation on an old Ubuntu distribution, so even if it were an issue in Docker IO, it is probably not supported by the Ubuntu maintainers either. If it is filesystem corruption, you probably can’t pull any image, but if you can, you can try reinstaling Docker after you backed up all the data if you have any on volumes.