You should be able to delete your containers and images and recreate everything on the new machine since containers should not contain any persistent data. In that case the only thing that you need to save is your volumes. In case of bind mounts, it is easy, since you just copy files from your old laptop. If you had volumes, stop the containers, and copy the content of your volumes from the virtual machine to your host machine. I have a solution to that (docker-volume-export script) but it requires bash: GitHub - rimelek/scripts-for-docker: Useful scripts you can use with Docker to save some time
Since your containers are stopped, you can also try to find your volumes on the WSL distribution’s filesystem: