Sorry for not replying to your message 6 days ago, but I had no new ideas.
You can try a solution shared by another user (which I didn’t remember last time), but it was about insecure registries where the error message was similar.
Be careful, because it would delete ll your data, but I assume at this point you have nothing more to lose.
Another idea is that you can try disabling “Containerd” as image store in the general settings. If I remember correctly, that also helped someone when it was about losing images.
If you think there is a bug, you can also check issues on GitHub and report yours as new issue if you don’t find an existing one