The problem is that Docker on Windows cannot run both Windows and Linux containers at the same time. The standard download from docker.com just supports Linux containers. If you try to pull or run a windows image, using the Linux server, you will see this error. Same if running the Windows version of Docker and pulling Linux.
It is possible to switch between the two easily enough, as mentioned by @frpb. However, what they neglected to mention is that this capability is not yet (5th Nov 2016) available in the stable download. When you go to the Docker download page, you need to select the beta channel. When you have it installed, just right-click on the Docker icon in the system tray and you will see an option to either “Switch to Linux containers” or “Switch to Windows containers”, depending on which mode you are currently running in.
You can see a demo here: