If you can share what you tried, we don’t have to recommend you the whole internet again 
But I searched for the “corrupt” keyword in the “Docker Desktop for Mac” category (where you should have created this topic, but I will move it to there) and found my old answer from last year
where I linked this topic
Since you shared the OS version which is the latest that can’t be the problem, but it is possible that you downloaded the dmg file for the wrong architecture (Intel vs arm) or something happened during downloading. What is the architecture of the CPU in your Mac?
Update:
On second thought, “unknown date” seems to be a different problem.
Update 2 (Checking the date of Docker.app)
Mount Docker.dmg
open the mounted Disk under “Locations” called “Docker”
Open the context menu of Docker.app and select “Show Package Contents”
Open the “Contents” folder
open the “MacOS” folder
open the context menu of “Docker Desktop.app” and select “Get Info”
Check the dates (Modified and Created)
Then you can also check the date on your machine
date
My result
Sun Mar 26 22:04:54 CEST 2023
Sometimes an incorrect local time can cause problems.
I also moved the topic the the right category and renamed it.